Okupacija

Okupacija ili vojna okupacija predstavlja privremeno vojno djelovanje oružanih snaga jedne države koje rezultira zauzimanjem i kontrolom dijela ili cjelokupne teritorije koja nije pod formalnim suverenitetom tog državnog subjekta.^[1][2] Okupacija je izvodi bez htijenja stvarnog suverena nad okupiranom teritorijom. Priroda privremene okupacije, kada nema zahtjeva za stalnim suverenitetom od strane okupatora, se razlikuje od termina aneksije.^[3][4]

Vojna okupacija, također nazvana ratoborna okupacija ili jednostavno okupacija, je privremena neprijateljska kontrola koju čini vojni aparat vladajuće sile nad suverenom teritorijom koja je izvan zakonskih granica vlastite suverene teritorije te vladajuće sile.^{[5] [6][7][8]} Kontrolisana teritorija je tada poznata kao okupirana teritorija, a vladajuća sila je okupator.^[9] Okupacija se razlikuje od aneksije i kolonijalizma po tome što je to struktura moći koju okupator namjerava samo privremeno zadržati.^[8][10] U mnogim slučajevima, okupator može uspostaviti vojnu vladu kako bi olakšao upravljanje okupiranom teritorijom, iako to nije neophodan preduslov za okupaciju.^[11]

Haška konvencija iz 1907. kodificirala je ove običajne zakone, posebno u okviru "Zakona i običaja ratovanja na kopnu" (Hag IV); 18. oktobar 1907: "Odjel III vojne vlasti nad teritorijom neprijateljske države". ^[12]

1. ^ Eran Halperin, Daniel Bar-Tal, Keren Sharvit, Nimrod Rosler and Amiram Raviv. Socio-psychological implications for an occupying society: The case of Israel. Journal of Peace Research 2010; 47; 59
2. ^ During civil wars, the districts occupied by rebels are considered to be foreign.Military Government and Martial Law LLMC, p. 21. [1]
3. ^ Eyāl Benveniśtî. The international law of occupation. Princeton University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-691-12130-3, ISBN 978-0-691-12130-7, p. xvi
4. ^ David M. Edelstein. Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail. Journal of Peace Research 2010; 47; 59
5. ^ Bracka, J. (2021). Transitional Justice for Israel/Palestine: Truth-Telling and Empathy in Ongoing Conflict. Springer series in transitional justice. Springer International Publishing AG. ISBN 978-3-030-89435-1. Today, the widely accepted definition of occupation is 'the effective control of a power (be it one or more states or an international organization, such as the United Nations) over a territory to which that power has no sovereign title, without the volition of the sovereign of that territory'
6. ^ Roberts, Adam (1990). "Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967". American Journal of International Law. Cambridge University Press (CUP). 84 (1): 44–103. doi:10.2307/2203016. ISSN 0002-9300. JSTOR 2203016.
7. ^ Eyal Benvenisti. The international law of occupation. Princeton University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-691-12130-7, p. 43
8. ^ ^{a b} Edelstein, David M. (2004). "Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail". International Security. 29 (1): 49–91. doi:10.1162/0162288041762913. ISSN 0162-2889. JSTOR 4137547.
9. ^ Fabre, Cécile. "Living with the enemy: the ethics of belligerent occupation" (PDF). Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 2018-11-30. Pristupljeno 2018-11-30.
10. ^ Stirk, Peter (2009). The Politics of Military Occupation. Edinburgh University Press. str. 44. ISBN 9780748636716. The significance of the temporary nature of military occupation is that it brings about no change of allegiance. Military government remains an alien government whether of short or long duration, though prolonged occupation may encourage the occupying power to change military occupation into something else, namely annexation
11. ^ Roberts, Adam (1985). "What is a Military Occupation?". British Yearbook of International Law. 55: 249–305. doi:10.1093/bybil/55.1.249.
12. ^ "The Avalon Project – Laws of War : Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907". avalon.law.yale.edu. Pristupljeno 2022-06-30.